In our cross-disciplinary study of the lower urinary tract, we reviewed the literature, highlighting how fluid flows and bio-mechanical signals share information with the nervous system. Our current efforts are advancing hybrid mechanistic-neural network models, informed by experimental rat data. The greatest gap in our understanding in the interface of the bladder-and-urethra with the nervous
To address this question, consider the delay time that describes how long it will take, following the start of infection, for virus progeny to be released from infected cells (left). Analysis of such growth curves for more than 100 viruses indicate delay times from less than 100 to more than 10,000 minutes or about 1
Different cells from the same environment produce a wide range of virus particles from less than 100 (curve B3) to nearly 10,000 (curve C7 and A3); experiments are for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infections of BHK21 host cells. For details see Timm and Yin (2012).
When a virus infects a living cell, how long before virus progeny are released, and how many particles will be made? One may build a model for infection by writing equations that describe each of the essential steps: entry, transcription, translation, genome replication, particle assembly and release from the cell. Experimental data are used to
In the absence of interfering particles, virus infections spread uniformly to greater radii (far left, red protein expression linked to virus growth). When interfering particles are present, infection is limited (only patchy red). Green protein expression is driven by interfering particles, and yellow reflects a balance of co-infection (virus and interfering particles). For details, see
In the absence of flow regions of cell infection are localized (white points). But in the presence of outward radial flows, regions of infection are spread in the direction of flow (white comets). Culture wells are 35mm in diameter. Details are Zhu et al. 2007. How do spontaneous fluid flows arise in culture wells? Evaporation
Given binary digits (or ‘bits’) 0 and 1, we can encode our 26-letter alphabet, and its extensions, from infant babbling “ba-ba-ba,” to Hamlet’s contemplation on life or death. To encode our alphabet, let the 5-digit string 00000 map to the letter ”A,” let 00001 map to “B,” and 00010 map to ”C,” and so forth
Peptides of glycine and alanine form over 24 hours of incubation, depending on whether activator (TP) is present or absent, the pH, and the temperature. (A) detected distribution of each species for temperatures 0-to100C (y axis) and pH 1-to-12 in the absence (black square) or presence (blue fill) of TP activator. The concentration of each
To understand in greater depth how different peptide products enrich, we studied how glycine(G) alone forms products of different length (GG, GGG, and GGGG) during sample drying. In (a) we see the how drying of 1 ml reaction solution is complete in about 8 hours (shaded box). In the presence of TP and at high
In the first step, at elevated pH and in the presence of trimetaphosphate (TP), glycine is activated at its N-terminus, and the activated glycine then reacts with glycine to form diglycine (GG), while generating protons that drive the pH down, as in Mechanism 1 (a). In the second step, at lower pH, diglycine or longer
